Suicides

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Mental disorders—including depression, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders—are risk factors. Some suicides are impulsive acts due to stress, such as from financial difficulties, relationship problems, or bullying. Those who have previously attempted suicide are at higher risk for future attempts. Suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to methods of suicide—such as firearms, drugs, and poisons; treating mental disorders and substance misuse; proper media reporting of suicide; and improving economic conditions. Even though crisis hotlines are available, there is limited evidence for their effectiveness.

Causes

The causes of suicide are varied and complex, often involving an interplay of psychological, environmental, and social factors. Mental illness is a major factor; it is estimated that about 90% of individuals who commit suicide have a diagnosable mental disorder. Substance misuse can increase the risk of suicide due to its effects on judgment, impulse control, and mood. Life events, such as the loss of a loved one, unemployment, or isolation, can also contribute to suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Prevention

Suicide prevention strategies focus on reducing risk factors and intervening effectively in crisis situations. They include:

• Promoting mental health and preventing mental and substance use disorders.
• Improving coping and problem-solving skills.
• Reducing access to means of suicide.
• Supporting media to follow guidelines in reporting suicide.
• Implementing programs to improve the skills of healthcare professionals in identifying and treating those at risk of suicide.
• Encouraging individuals to seek help when needed.

Statistics

Suicide rates vary significantly between countries and over time. As of the early 21st century, it is among the top 20 leading causes of death globally for all ages. Every year, more than 800,000 people die by suicide, which is about one person every 40 seconds. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among 15-29-year-olds globally.

Societal and Cultural Aspects

Societal attitudes towards suicide vary widely. In some cultures, it is considered a grave sin, while in others, it is seen as an honorable way to exit certain situations. The stigma attached to suicide affects the bereavement of those left behind and can prevent people from seeking help.

See also

• Mental health
• Suicide prevention
• List of countries by suicide rate