Supersaturation

Supersaturation is a state of a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances. It can also refer to a vapor of a compound that has a higher (partial) pressure than the vapor pressure of that compound.

Overview

Supersaturation is used in various fields such as chemistry, physics, and medicine. In chemistry, it is a fundamental concept that explains the behavior of solutions and mixtures. In physics, it is used to describe the state of the atmosphere or other physical systems. In medicine, it is used to explain the formation of certain types of kidney stones and other phenomena.

Chemistry

In chemistry, supersaturation refers to a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances. It is achieved by dissolving a solute in one set of conditions, then transferring it to other conditions without triggering any release of the solute. The solution is said to be 'supersaturated' with respect to the solute.

Physics

In physics, supersaturation can occur when a liquid (the solvent) is cooled or compressed to a temperature or pressure, respectively, at which it becomes supersaturated with a gas (the solute). This can lead to the rapid formation of a new phase, often a gas bubble, via a process called nucleation.

Medicine

In medicine, supersaturation is a key factor in the formation of some types of kidney stones. When the urine becomes supersaturated with certain types of salts, these can crystallize to form kidney stones. This is why drinking plenty of water and staying hydrated can help prevent kidney stones, as it reduces the level of supersaturation.

See also

• Saturation (chemistry)
• Nucleation
• Kidney stones