Syncytin

Syncytin is a protein encoded by the ERVWE1 gene in humans. It is a member of the envelope protein family and is derived from an endogenous retrovirus. Syncytin plays a crucial role in the formation of the placenta by mediating the fusion of trophoblast cells to form the syncytiotrophoblast, a multinucleated cell layer that facilitates nutrient exchange between the mother and the developing fetus.

Function

Syncytin is primarily involved in the process of cell fusion during placental development. It is expressed in the placental villi, where it promotes the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells into the syncytiotrophoblast layer. This layer is essential for the proper implantation of the embryo and the establishment of a functional maternal-fetal interface.

Evolutionary Origin

Syncytin is derived from an ancient endogenous retrovirus that integrated into the genome of an ancestor of placental mammals. Over time, the viral envelope gene was co-opted by the host organism to serve a beneficial function in placental development. This is an example of molecular domestication, where a viral gene is repurposed for a host function.

Clinical Significance

Abnormal expression of syncytin has been associated with various pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Research is ongoing to understand the precise role of syncytin in these conditions and its potential as a therapeutic target.

See Also

• Placental development
• Endogenous retrovirus
• Cell fusion

External Links

• [Syncytin at UniProt](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UQF0)
• [ERVWE1 Gene at NCBI](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/30816)

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