Syncytin-2

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Protein HERV-FRD PDB 1y4m

Syncytin-2

Syncytin-2 is a protein encoded by the ERVWE1 gene in humans. It belongs to the syncytin family of proteins, which are derived from endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). Syncytin-2 plays a crucial role in placental development and function.

Discovery

Syncytin-2 was first discovered in 2007 by researchers studying the human genome. It was identified as a fusogenic protein with homology to viral envelope proteins. Further studies revealed its involvement in the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts, which are multinucleated cells essential for proper placental function.

Function

Syncytin-2 is primarily expressed in the placenta, where it mediates cell-cell fusion events necessary for the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts. These fused cells play a key role in nutrient exchange between the maternal and fetal circulations during pregnancy. Additionally, syncytin-2 has been implicated in the regulation of trophoblast differentiation and invasion.

Clinical Significance

Mutations or dysregulation of syncytin-2 expression have been associated with pregnancy-related disorders such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. Studies have also suggested a potential role for syncytin-2 in certain types of cancer, although further research is needed to fully understand its implications in disease.

Future Directions

Research on syncytin-2 continues to uncover its diverse functions beyond placental development. Investigating its role in other physiological processes and pathological conditions may provide valuable insights into novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers.