TGF-β2

A member of the transforming growth factor beta family

Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB2 gene. It is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family, which is involved in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Structure

TGF-β2 is a cytokine that is secreted as a latent complex. The active form of TGF-β2 is a dimer composed of two identical 25 kDa subunits linked by a single disulfide bond. The latent form consists of the mature TGF-β2 dimer non-covalently associated with a latency-associated peptide (LAP).

Function

TGF-β2 plays a crucial role in embryogenesis, cell differentiation, and immune system regulation. It is involved in the development of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and skeletal system. TGF-β2 also has significant roles in wound healing and tissue repair.

Mechanism of Action

TGF-β2 exerts its effects by binding to a type II serine/threonine kinase receptor, which then recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. This receptor complex phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMAD proteins, which then translocate to the nucleus to regulate the expression of target genes.

Clinical Significance

Mutations in the TGFB2 gene have been associated with various diseases, including Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and primary open-angle glaucoma. Elevated levels of TGF-β2 have been implicated in fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.

Research Applications

TGF-β2 is widely studied in the context of cancer research, particularly in tumor microenvironment and metastasis. It is also a target for therapeutic interventions in fibrotic diseases and autoimmune disorders.

Related Pages

• Transforming growth factor beta
• Cytokine
• SMAD proteins
• Marfan syndrome
• Loeys-Dietz syndrome
• Primary open-angle glaucoma
• Fibrosis
• Cancer