Tengrism

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Peak of Khan Tengri at sunset

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Witsen's Shaman

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SB - Altay shaman with drum

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Orkhon

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Kultigin Monument of Orkhon Inscriptions

Tengrism is an ancient Central Asian religion that incorporates shamanism, animism, totemism, and the worship of ancestors and the sky god, Tengri. It has been the predominant belief system of the Turkic peoples and the Mongols since at least the 8th century, influencing their culture, social structure, and political ideologies.

Origins and History

The origins of Tengrism are deeply rooted in the prehistoric nomadic cultures of Central Asia, dating back to the time when these communities were primarily engaged in pastoralism and horse breeding. The religion flourished during the times of the Göktürk Khaganate and the Mongol Empire, where it was institutionalized and became intertwined with the state's governance.

Beliefs and Practices

At the core of Tengrism is the worship of the eternal blue sky (Tengri) and the Earth Mother (Eje), representing the male and female aspects of the divine. Tengrists believe in a tiered cosmos consisting of three worlds: the upper world (heaven), the middle world (earth), and the underworld. Shamans (Baksı or Kam) play a crucial role in Tengrism, acting as intermediaries between the human world and the spiritual realm, conducting rituals, and offering sacrifices to the spirits.

Tengrism emphasizes living in harmony with nature and the universe, promoting values such as respect for the environment, social justice, and personal integrity. The concept of Töre, a code of law, social conduct, and morality, is also central, guiding individuals on how to live righteously and maintain balance within the community and with the natural world.

Influence and Legacy

Tengrism has significantly influenced the cultural and spiritual life of Central Asian nomads. Its principles can be seen in the traditional epics, folklore, music, and art of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples. Despite the spread of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity in the region, Tengrism has persisted, often syncretizing with these religions, and has experienced a revival in recent years among those seeking to reconnect with their ancestral heritage.

Modern Revival

Since the late 20th century, there has been a resurgence of interest in Tengrism, particularly in countries like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and Turkey, where it is viewed as an essential part of national identity and cultural heritage. This revival is part of a broader movement to reclaim pre-Islamic and pre-Christian spiritual practices and beliefs, often in response to contemporary social, environmental, and political challenges.

Conclusion

Tengrism, with its deep historical roots and contemporary relevance, offers a unique perspective on spirituality, ecology, and social ethics. It remains a vital part of Central Asian identity, embodying the enduring spirit and resilience of the nomadic cultures from which it emerged.