Theobromine poisoning

Theobromine Poisoning

Theobromine poisoning, commonly referred to as chocolate poisoning, is an adverse reaction resulting from the excessive intake of the xanthine alkaloid theobromine. This compound is predominantly found in chocolate, but is also present in tea, cola beverages, and certain other food items. The susceptibility to and severity of theobromine poisoning varies significantly among different species, and specific lethal doses (LD50) have been identified for several animals.

The molecular structure of theobromine.

Sources of Theobromine

Theobromine is naturally occurring in various foods and beverages:

• Chocolate: The primary and most recognized source, with darker chocolates containing higher concentrations.
• Tea: Especially in certain dark teas.
• Cola beverages: Some cola drinks have traces of theobromine.
• Certain fruits and plants: Including the kola nut and cacao bean.

Lethal Doses in Animals

The median lethal doses (LD50) of theobromine vary notably across species:

• Dogs: Particularly sensitive to theobromine and are at higher risk of chocolate poisoning.
• Cats: Though less commonly exposed due to their lack of taste for sweets, they are still susceptible.
• Rats and mice: Have established LD50 values but exhibit a significantly higher tolerance compared to household pets.

It is crucial to note that the range in lethal doses differs by a factor of 6 across these species.

Symptoms in Humans

Humans typically have a higher tolerance for theobromine compared to many animals. However, consumption in substantial amounts can lead to:

• Sweating
• Trembling
• Severe headaches
• Mood disturbances: Limited mood effects have been observed at doses of 250mg/day, while negative mood effects become pronounced at higher doses.

Treatment

If theobromine poisoning is suspected, it is crucial to seek medical or veterinary attention immediately. Treatment often involves:

• Inducing vomiting: To prevent further absorption of theobromine.
• Administering activated charcoal: Helps bind theobromine in the stomach and intestines, reducing absorption.
• Symptomatic treatment: Such as medications to control seizures or cardiac abnormalities if they occur.

See Also

• Xanthine
• Chocolate
• Toxicology

References

1. "Theobromine Poisoning in Animals." Veterinary Manual.
2. "Effects of Theobromine Consumption on Humans." Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
3. "Lethal doses of theobromine in domestic animals." Veterinary Sciences Today.

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