Threat and error management

Threat and Error Management (TEM) is a comprehensive, safety management approach that focuses on understanding the interactions between threats, errors, and undesired aircraft states in aviation operations. TEM is rooted in the principle that safety in aviation is not solely the absence of accidents and incidents but also the presence of effective defenses to manage threats and errors. This approach has been widely adopted in flight training, airline operations, and by regulatory bodies around the world to enhance safety.

Overview

TEM originated from research conducted by the University of Texas Human Factors Research Project, which was sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the late 1990s. The framework identifies three main components in aviation operations: threats, errors, and undesired aircraft states.

• Threats are external or internal events or conditions that occur outside the influence of the flight crew but require management if safety margins are to be maintained.
• Errors are actions or inactions by the flight crew that lead to deviations from intended operations or procedures.
• Undesired Aircraft States are situations where an aircraft is in a position or condition that significantly increases the probability of an accident.

The goal of TEM is to provide strategies and countermeasures to manage these components effectively, thereby reducing the risk of incidents and accidents.

Principles

TEM is built on several key principles:

• Proactivity: Identifying potential threats and errors before they lead to undesired outcomes.
• Resilience: Developing the capacity to recover from or adjust to threats and errors.
• Adaptability: The ability to change plans or actions in response to changing conditions.
• Teamwork: Encouraging effective communication and collaboration among all members of the flight crew and other relevant personnel.

Implementation

Implementing TEM involves several steps, including:

• Training: Educating pilots, air traffic controllers, and other aviation personnel on TEM principles and practices.
• Briefings: Conducting pre-flight and in-flight briefings to identify and plan for potential threats.
• Monitoring and Cross-Checking: Continuously monitoring flight conditions and cross-checking actions to detect and manage errors.
• Feedback: Providing constructive feedback on TEM performance to encourage continuous improvement.

Benefits

The adoption of TEM has been shown to significantly enhance safety in aviation by:

• Reducing the occurrence of accidents and incidents.
• Improving situational awareness and decision-making.
• Enhancing teamwork and communication among crew members.
• Fostering a proactive safety culture within organizations.

Challenges

Despite its benefits, implementing TEM can face challenges, including:

• Resistance to change from traditional practices.
• The need for ongoing training and reinforcement.
• Ensuring consistent application across different teams and operations.

Conclusion

Threat and Error Management represents a paradigm shift in aviation safety, moving from a reactive to a proactive approach. By focusing on the management of threats and errors, TEM enhances the ability of aviation personnel to maintain safety margins and prevent accidents. As the aviation industry continues to evolve, TEM remains a critical component of safety management systems, ensuring that safety is always the top priority.