Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes.
Function[edit | edit source]
TLRs are a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs together with the Interleukin 1 receptors (IL-1Rs) form a receptor superfamily, known as the "interleukin-1 receptor / Toll-like receptor superfamily", all of which have in common a so-called TIR domain.
Structure[edit | edit source]
TLRs are present in vertebrates, as well as in invertebrates. Mammalian TLRs are divided into six families based on their genetic and functional similarities: TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 and TLR11. Each TLR is characterized by its extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and a cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain.
Role in disease[edit | edit source]
TLRs are involved in diseases such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and autoimmune diseases. They are also implicated in the immune response to viral infections.
See also[edit | edit source]
- Innate immune system
- Adaptive immune system
- Pattern recognition receptor
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
References[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD