Toscana virus

Toscana virus (TOSV) is a virus belonging to the Bunyaviridae family, specifically the Phlebovirus genus. It is named after the Tuscany region in Italy, where it was first isolated in the 1970s. Toscana virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected sandfly (Phlebotomus spp.), and it is known to cause meningitis and encephalitis.

Epidemiology

Toscana virus is endemic in the Mediterranean Basin, with cases reported in Italy, Spain, France, Portugal, Greece, and Cyprus. The virus is most active during the warm months when sandflies are most abundant. Travelers to these regions are at risk of infection.

Clinical Manifestations

Most infections with Toscana virus are asymptomatic. However, when symptoms do occur, they typically present as aseptic meningitis or encephalitis. Symptoms may include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and neurological signs such as seizures and altered mental status.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Toscana virus infection is typically made through serology tests, which detect antibodies to the virus in the patient's blood. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing can also be used to detect the virus's genetic material.

Treatment and Prevention

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Toscana virus infection. Management is supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications. Prevention strategies include avoiding sandfly bites through the use of insect repellent and protective clothing.

Research

Research into Toscana virus is ongoing, with efforts focused on understanding the virus's epidemiology, pathogenesis, and potential treatments.