Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) primarily affecting the urogenital tract. It is one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The parasite is flagellated and pear-shaped, allowing it to move and infect the epithelial cells of the urogenital tract in humans.

Transmission

Transmission of Trichomonas vaginalis occurs mainly through sexual contact with an infected partner. The parasite can infect the vagina, urethra, and the prostate gland, making both men and women susceptible to infection. It is also possible, though less common, for the infection to be transmitted through sharing wet towels or bathing suits, as the parasite can survive for a short period outside the human body in moist conditions.

Symptoms

In women, Trichomonas vaginalis can cause a condition known as trichomoniasis, which is characterized by a frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor, itching and irritation of the genital area, discomfort during urination, and pain during sexual intercourse. Men often do not show symptoms but when present, they may include irritation inside the penis, mild discharge, or slight burning after urination or ejaculation.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of trichomoniasis is typically made by microscopic examination of a sample of vaginal fluid or urethral discharge. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are also used due to their higher sensitivity in detecting the parasite's DNA.

Treatment

The treatment for trichomoniasis involves oral administration of metronidazole or tinidazole. These medications are effective in eliminating the infection, and it is recommended that all sexual partners be treated simultaneously to prevent reinfection.

Prevention

Preventive measures for Trichomonas vaginalis infection include practicing safe sex by using condoms, limiting the number of sexual partners, and ensuring that all partners are tested and treated for STIs.

Epidemiology

Trichomonas vaginalis is estimated to infect millions of people worldwide each year, with higher prevalence rates in women than in men. The infection is particularly common in areas with limited access to healthcare and where sexual health education is less available.

Complications

If left untreated, Trichomonas vaginalis can lead to serious health problems, including an increased risk of acquiring other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. In pregnant women, the infection can cause premature labor and low birth weight in infants.