Trichomonosis

Trichomonosis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It is one of the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The disease affects both men and women, but symptoms are more common and often more severe in women. In men, the infection usually affects the urethra, while in women, it can infect the vagina, urethra, and sometimes the cervix. Trichomonosis is known for its potential to cause vaginitis in women and urethritis in men.

Symptoms

The majority of infected individuals do not show any symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can vary between individuals but often include:

• For women: Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, discomfort with urination, and a thin discharge with an unusual smell that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish.
• For men: Irritation inside the penis, mild discharge, or slight burning after urination or ejaculation.

Transmission

Trichomonosis is primarily spread through sexual contact with an infected partner, involving the penis to vagina intercourse or vulva-to-vulva contact. The parasite cannot survive long outside the human body, so it is unlikely to be spread through contact with objects like toilet seats or towels.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of trichomonosis involves laboratory tests. The most common method is the microscopic examination of a sample of vaginal fluid or urethral discharge. Newer, more sensitive tests, such as the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), can also detect the genetic material of the parasite.

Treatment

The treatment for trichomonosis is typically a single dose of an antibiotic, most commonly metronidazole or tinidazole. It is important for all sexual partners to be treated simultaneously to prevent reinfection.

Prevention

Preventive measures include practicing safe sex, using condoms, and having regular STI screenings. It is also advisable for individuals with multiple sexual partners to be screened regularly for trichomonosis and other STIs.

Epidemiology

Trichomonosis is considered the most common curable STI worldwide, with millions of new cases occurring each year. It is more prevalent in women than in men and is particularly common among women of reproductive age.

Complications

If left untreated, trichomonosis can increase the risk of acquiring or transmitting other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. In pregnant women, it can lead to premature birth or low birth weight.