Trophoblast

Trophoblast is a type of tissue that forms during the early stages of embryonic development. It surrounds the blastocyst, which is the stage of the embryo that implants into the endometrial lining of the uterus. The trophoblast plays a crucial role in the implantation process and the formation of the placenta.

Function

The primary function of the trophoblast is to mediate the interaction between the embryo and the mother's uterus during the early stages of pregnancy. It facilitates the implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrial lining and forms the outer layer of the placenta, which provides nutrients to the developing embryo and removes waste products.

Structure

The trophoblast is composed of two main cell types: the cytotrophoblast, which is the inner layer, and the syncytiotrophoblast, which is the outer layer. The cytotrophoblast consists of undifferentiated cells that can proliferate and differentiate into other cell types. The syncytiotrophoblast is a multinucleated layer that forms by the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells and is responsible for the production of hCG, a hormone that maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.

Development

The trophoblast begins to form shortly after fertilization, when the fertilized egg, or zygote, undergoes several rounds of cell division to form a blastocyst. The outer cells of the blastocyst differentiate into the trophoblast, while the inner cells form the inner cell mass, which will eventually develop into the embryo.

Clinical significance

Abnormalities in the development or function of the trophoblast can lead to several pregnancy-related disorders, including ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and preeclampsia. In addition, some forms of gestational trophoblastic disease, such as hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma, are caused by abnormal growth of trophoblastic tissue.

Trophoblast Resources
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