Turned chair

Turned chair Wells

Turned chair refers to a style of chair that is characterized by components, particularly the legs, back posts, and sometimes the arm supports, that have been shaped and ornamented using a lathe. This woodworking technique imparts a distinctive appearance, featuring cylindrical, spiral, or variously profiled parts that are integral to the chair's structure and aesthetics. Originating in the early Middle Ages, turned chairs have evolved through centuries, reflecting changes in technology, materials, and stylistic preferences across different cultures and periods.

History

The history of the turned chair can be traced back to the Middle Ages, where the earliest examples were simple stools and chairs with turned legs connected by stretchers. The technique of turning wood on a lathe, which involves rotating a piece of wood on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, and drilling, allowed craftsmen to produce more intricate designs with relative ease compared to hand-carving.

During the Renaissance, the turned chair became more elaborate, with the introduction of more complex patterns and the use of new materials, such as walnut and oak. The 17th century saw the proliferation of the turned chair in Europe, particularly in England and the Netherlands, where it became a staple of domestic furniture.

In the American colonies, the turned chair was equally popular, reflecting the European influence on American furniture styles. The simplicity and functionality of the turned chair made it suitable for both domestic and public spaces, ranging from homes to meeting halls.

Design and Construction

The design of a turned chair typically involves several key components: the seat, legs, backrest, and sometimes arms. The legs and back posts are the most distinctive elements, showcasing the turning technique's capability to produce rounded, symmetrical shapes. Early chairs often featured straight backs and simple, cylindrical legs, while later designs incorporated more elaborate forms, including baluster-shaped legs, spindles, and other ornamental turnings.

The construction of a turned chair requires precision and skill, particularly in ensuring the structural integrity and alignment of the turned parts. Joints between the legs, seat, and backrest are crucial for the chair's durability and are often reinforced with mortise-and-tenon joints or dowels.

Materials

Turned chairs have been made from a variety of woods throughout history, with choices often influenced by regional availability and cost. Hardwoods such as oak, maple, and walnut are commonly used for their durability and the beauty of their grain. Softwoods like pine are less common but can be found in simpler, utilitarian pieces.

Cultural Significance

The turned chair is not only a functional object but also a cultural artifact that reflects the technological, material, and aesthetic preferences of different periods and places. Its evolution mirrors changes in social norms, economic conditions, and technological advancements. In some cultures, specific chair designs have become symbols of status and authority, while in others, they represent traditional craftsmanship and heritage.

Preservation and Collection

Many turned chairs, especially those from the 17th and 18th centuries, are now considered valuable antiques. Preservation efforts focus on maintaining the original materials and finishes, as these elements are integral to the chair's historical and aesthetic value. Museums and private collectors often seek turned chairs for their beauty, craftsmanship, and as tangible connections to the past.