Tympanum (anatomy)

Tympanum (anatomy), also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its primary role is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and then to the oval window in the cochlea. Hence, it plays a crucial role in the hearing process.

Structure

The tympanum is a thin membrane that is approximately 10 mm in diameter and slightly concave towards the external ear. It is made up of three layers: the outer layer, which is continuous with the skin of the external auditory canal; the middle layer, which is fibrous and provides strength; and the inner layer, which is continuous with the mucous membrane of the middle ear.

Function

The primary function of the tympanum is to convert airborne sound waves into mechanical vibrations. When sound waves strike the eardrum, it vibrates, and these vibrations are transmitted to the ossicles of the middle ear (the malleus, incus, and stapes). The ossicles amplify and convey these vibrations to the oval window, which then transmits them to the fluid-filled cochlea, initiating the process of hearing.

Clinical Significance

1. 1. 1. Tympanic Membrane Perforation

A perforation of the tympanum can occur due to infection, trauma, or sudden pressure changes. This can lead to hearing loss, pain, and sometimes otitis media (middle ear infection).

1. 1. 1. Tympanosclerosis

Tympanosclerosis involves the thickening or scarring of the tympanic membrane, often as a result of chronic ear infections. This condition can also affect hearing.

1. 1. 1. Otitis Media

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that can affect the eardrum, causing it to become inflamed. This condition is particularly common in children and can result in ear pain, fever, and hearing impairment.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of tympanum-related conditions typically involves an examination of the ear using an otoscope. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics for infection, surgery for perforations, or tympanoplasty for severe cases of tympanosclerosis.

Prevention

Preventive measures include avoiding exposure to loud noises, maintaining good hygiene to prevent infections, and treating upper respiratory infections promptly to reduce the risk of otitis media.