Type-II

Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), also known as Type 2 Diabetes, is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and a relative lack of insulin. It is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke, and lower limb amputation. Unlike Type I Diabetes, where the body fails to produce enough insulin, in Type II Diabetes, the body's cells fail to respond properly to insulin, a condition known as insulin resistance. Over time, the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of Type II Diabetes is complex and multifactorial. However, several risk factors have been identified:

• Genetics: A family history of diabetes can increase the risk.
• Obesity: Excess body fat, particularly when distributed around the abdomen, is a major risk factor.
• Physical Inactivity: Lack of physical activity is another significant risk factor.
• Poor Diet: Diets high in processed foods and sugar can increase the risk.
• Age: The risk increases with age, particularly after 45 years.
• Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups, including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, are at higher risk.

Symptoms

Symptoms of Type II Diabetes can be mild and go unnoticed for years. They include:

• Increased thirst and urination
• Increased hunger
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing sores
• Frequent infections

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Type II Diabetes can be made through several blood tests:

• Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG)
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
• Hemoglobin A1c Test

Management

Management of Type II Diabetes focuses on lifestyle changes and medication:

• Lifestyle Changes: Diet and exercise are crucial. A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is recommended. Regular physical activity can also help control blood sugar levels.
• Medication: If lifestyle changes are not enough to control blood sugar levels, medications such as Metformin may be prescribed. In some cases, insulin therapy may be required.

Prevention

Prevention of Type II Diabetes is possible with lifestyle modifications:

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Engaging in regular physical activity
• Eating a balanced, healthy diet
• Avoiding tobacco use
• Limiting alcohol consumption

Complications

Uncontrolled Type II Diabetes can lead to several serious complications, including:

• Cardiovascular Disease
• Neuropathy
• Nephropathy
• Retinopathy
• Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Prognosis

With proper management, individuals with Type II Diabetes can live long, healthy lives. However, it requires lifelong commitment to lifestyle changes and monitoring of blood sugar levels.

Epidemiology

Type II Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting millions of people worldwide. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades, largely due to rising obesity rates and lifestyle factors.