White Sea

Severodvinsk Yagry Island Beach

Кандалакшский залив

Kiy-island Russia

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modis white sea

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Whiteseamap

Историко-культурный комплекс Соловецких островов

The White Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean located in Northwestern Russia. It is characterized by its shallow depth, with an average depth of 60 meters, and its relatively small size, covering an area of approximately 90,000 square kilometers. The White Sea is of significant importance due to its historical, ecological, and economic aspects.

Geography

The White Sea is bounded by the Kola Peninsula to the north, the Karelian Isthmus to the west, and the Onega Peninsula to the east. It connects to the Barents Sea via the Gorlo and Voronya Bay, and its southern part is divided into the Onega Bay and the Dvina Bay, with the latter being named after the Northern Dvina River that flows into it. The sea's major islands include Solovetsky Islands, known for the historical Solovetsky Monastery.

Climate

The climate of the White Sea region is subarctic, characterized by short, mild summers and long, cold winters. The sea is covered with ice from October–November to May–June, which significantly influences navigation and marine activities.

Ecology

The White Sea is home to a diverse range of marine life, including various species of fish, marine mammals like seals, and a wide array of invertebrates. The sea's biodiversity is supported by the nutrient-rich waters, which are a result of the freshwater inflow from rivers and the sea's connection to the Arctic Ocean. The region around the White Sea is also rich in birdlife, making it an important area for birdwatching and ecological studies.

Economy

The economy of the White Sea region is primarily based on fishing, shipping, and tourism. The sea's ports, such as Arkhangelsk and Murmansk, play a crucial role in maritime trade, especially for Russia's northern territories. The area is also known for its shipbuilding and repair facilities. In recent years, tourism has been growing, with visitors attracted to the natural beauty of the region, historical sites, and the opportunity to observe the northern lights.

History

The White Sea has been an important navigational route since ancient times. It was a critical part of the Viking trade routes connecting Scandinavia with the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East. In the medieval period, the Novgorod Republic and later the Muscovy utilized the sea for trade and exploration. The establishment of the Arkhangelsk port in the 16th century marked the beginning of regular maritime trade between Russia and Western Europe through the White Sea.

Conservation

The unique ecological system of the White Sea and its surrounding areas are under threat from industrial pollution, overfishing, and climate change. Efforts are being made to establish protected areas and implement conservation measures to preserve the sea's natural heritage and biodiversity.