3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), also known as tenamfetamine (INN), is a psychoactive drug and entactogen of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is known for its entactogenic properties that involve promoting feelings of empathy, love, and emotional closeness to others. MDA is structurally related to other drugs in its class, such as methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), the latter often being more widely recognized as ecstasy.

Chemistry

MDA is a derivative of amphetamine, possessing a methylenedioxy group (CH2O2) attached to the benzene ring, which classifies it as a member of the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine family. Its chemical formula is C10H13NO2, indicating the presence of a methylenedioxy bridge that is thought to be responsible for its unique pharmacological properties.

Pharmacology

The pharmacological action of MDA involves its function as a serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). It increases the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain by promoting their release from synaptic vesicles. This action is primarily responsible for its euphoric and empathogenic effects. Additionally, MDA acts as a serotonin receptor agonist, further enhancing its psychoactive effects.

Effects

The effects of MDA can vary significantly among individuals but generally include feelings of euphoria, increased energy, emotional warmth, and distorted sensory and time perception. Its effects are often compared to those of MDMA, though MDA tends to produce more psychedelic-like effects, such as visual hallucinations and altered cognitive processes. The duration of the drug's effects typically lasts between 4 to 6 hours, depending on the dose and individual metabolism.

Risks and Safety

As with other amphetamines, the use of MDA is associated with several risks and adverse effects. These can include hyperthermia, dehydration, bruxism (teeth grinding), and increased heart rate and blood pressure. There is also the potential for neurotoxicity, particularly with frequent or high-dose use, which can lead to long-term serotonin system damage. The legal status of MDA varies by country, but it is commonly listed as a controlled substance, making its non-prescribed possession, sale, or use illegal.

History

MDA was first synthesized in 1910 by C. Mannich and W. Jacobsohn, but its psychoactive effects were not discovered until the 1930s. It gained popularity in the 1960s and 1970s as a psychotherapeutic tool and as a recreational drug. However, due to concerns over its safety and potential for abuse, it was classified as a Schedule I substance in the United States in 1970, under the Controlled Substances Act.

Legal Status

MDA is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, indicating a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. Similar legal restrictions apply in other countries, making its manufacture, distribution, and possession without a license illegal.