4-Oxo-2-nonenal
4-Oxo-2-nonenal (4-ONE) is a highly reactive aldehyde that is formed during the oxidative stress in the body. It is a product of lipid peroxidation, which is a process that occurs when free radicals steal electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage.
Formation and Structure[edit | edit source]
4-Oxo-2-nonenal is formed from the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the body. PUFAs are susceptible to peroxidation due to their multiple double bonds. The process of lipid peroxidation involves three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. During the initiation step, a free radical steals an electron from a PUFA, creating a lipid radical. This lipid radical then reacts with oxygen to form a lipid peroxide radical, which can then steal an electron from another PUFA, propagating the chain reaction. The process ends when two free radicals react with each other to form a non-radical species. 4-Oxo-2-nonenal is one of the many possible end products of this process.
The structure of 4-Oxo-2-nonenal consists of a nine-carbon chain with a carbonyl group at the second and fourth carbon. The double bond between the second and third carbon makes this compound an alkenal.
Biological Effects[edit | edit source]
4-Oxo-2-nonenal is highly reactive due to its two carbonyl groups and can readily react with nucleophilic amino acids in proteins, such as cysteine, histidine, and lysine. This can lead to protein dysfunction and contribute to various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer.
In addition to its reactivity with proteins, 4-Oxo-2-nonenal can also react with DNA, leading to DNA damage and mutations. This can contribute to the development of cancer and other genetic diseases.
Despite its potential harmful effects, 4-Oxo-2-nonenal also plays a role in cell signaling. It can activate the Nrf2 pathway, which is involved in the regulation of antioxidant proteins.
Detection and Measurement[edit | edit source]
The detection and measurement of 4-Oxo-2-nonenal in biological samples can be achieved through various methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and immunoassays. These methods allow for the quantification of 4-Oxo-2-nonenal, providing a measure of oxidative stress in the body.
See Also[edit | edit source]
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