Acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas that occurs over a short period of time. The pancreas is a vital organ that lies on the right side of the abdomen adjacent to the stomach. The pancreas produces enzymes that assist digestion and hormones that help regulate the way your body processes sugar.

Causes

Acute pancreatitis is usually caused by gallstones or heavy alcohol use. Other causes include medications, infections, trauma, metabolic disorders, and surgery. In some cases, the cause of acute pancreatitis is unknown.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of acute pancreatitis is upper abdominal pain. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, and an increased heart rate. Severe acute pancreatitis can cause dehydration and low blood pressure. If left untreated, it can result in life-threatening complications.

Diagnosis

Acute pancreatitis is diagnosed based on medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests that measure levels of pancreatic enzymes in the blood. Imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may also be used.

Treatment

Treatment for acute pancreatitis requires hospitalization. Once in the hospital, the patient may receive intravenous fluids, pain medication, and nutritional support. If gallstones are causing the pancreatitis, an operation may be needed to remove the gallbladder. In severe cases, surgery may be needed to remove damaged tissue from the pancreas.

Prognosis

The prognosis for acute pancreatitis varies and depends on its cause, severity, and the presence of complications. Most people with acute pancreatitis recover completely after receiving the appropriate treatment. In severe cases, acute pancreatitis can result in bleeding into the gland, serious tissue damage, infection, and cyst formation.

Prevention

Prevention strategies for acute pancreatitis may include avoiding alcohol or drinking in moderation, maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a balanced diet. Regular exercise can also help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of gallstones, a common cause of acute pancreatitis.