Adult ADHD

Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. While ADHD is often associated with children, it can continue into adulthood, affecting various aspects of life, including work, relationships, and self-esteem.

Symptoms

Adults with ADHD may exhibit a range of symptoms that can be categorized into two main types: inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Inattention

• - Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
• - Frequent careless mistakes in work or other activities.
• - Often seems not to listen when spoken to directly.
• - Fails to follow through on instructions and fails to finish work duties.
• - Difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
• - Avoids or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.
• - Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities.
• - Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
• - Forgetful in daily activities.

Hyperactivity-Impulsivity

• - Fidgeting with or tapping hands or feet, or squirming in seat.
• - Leaving seat in situations when remaining seated is expected.
• - Feeling restless, often running about or climbing in situations where it is inappropriate.
• - Unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly.
• - "On the go" or acting as if "driven by a motor."
• - Talking excessively.
• - Blurting out answers before questions have been completed.
• - Difficulty waiting for their turn.
• - Interrupting or intruding on others.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing ADHD in adults can be challenging, as symptoms may overlap with other disorders such as anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder. A comprehensive evaluation typically includes a clinical interview, self-reported symptoms, and information from family members or significant others. Standardized rating scales and psychological tests may also be used.

Causes

The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Studies suggest that ADHD may be linked to differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas related to attention and executive function.

Treatment

Treatment for adult ADHD often involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes.

Medication

Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines, are commonly prescribed and have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms. Non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, may also be used.

Psychotherapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used to help individuals develop coping strategies and improve organizational skills. Therapy can also address co-occurring issues such as anxiety or depression.

Lifestyle Changes

• - Regular exercise and a healthy diet can help manage symptoms.
• - Establishing routines and using organizational tools can improve daily functioning.
• - Mindfulness and stress management techniques can reduce impulsivity and improve focus.

Impact on Life

ADHD can significantly impact various aspects of an adult's life, including:

• - Workplace: Difficulty meeting deadlines, maintaining focus, and organizing tasks.
• - Relationships: Challenges with communication, impulsivity, and emotional regulation.
• - Self-esteem: Persistent feelings of underachievement and frustration.

Also see

• - Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
• - Cognitive behavioral therapy
• - Psychostimulant
• - Executive functions