African iron overload

African Iron Overload

Structure of transferrin, a protein involved in iron transport.

African iron overload is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of iron in the body, particularly affecting individuals of African descent. This condition is also known as "Bantu siderosis" due to its prevalence among the Bantu-speaking populations of Southern Africa.

Pathophysiology

African iron overload is primarily associated with excessive dietary iron intake, particularly from traditional beer brewed in non-galvanized steel drums, which leach iron into the beverage. The condition is exacerbated by genetic factors that affect iron metabolism, including variations in the HFE gene and other genes involved in iron regulation.

The excess iron is deposited in various organs, leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. The liver is the most commonly affected organ, resulting in conditions such as hepatomegaly and cirrhosis. Other organs that may be affected include the heart, pancreas, and endocrine glands.

Clinical Manifestations

Patients with African iron overload may present with a range of symptoms, including fatigue, joint pain, abdominal pain, and skin pigmentation changes. As the condition progresses, more severe complications can arise, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy, and liver failure.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of African iron overload is based on clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests typically show elevated serum ferritin levels and transferrin saturation. Liver biopsy may be performed to assess the degree of iron deposition and liver damage.

Treatment

Transferrin plays a crucial role in iron homeostasis.

The primary treatment for African iron overload is phlebotomy, which involves the regular removal of blood to reduce iron levels in the body. Chelation therapy may also be used in some cases to bind excess iron and facilitate its excretion. Dietary modifications, such as reducing iron intake, are recommended to prevent further iron accumulation.

Prognosis

With early diagnosis and appropriate management, the prognosis for individuals with African iron overload can be favorable. However, if left untreated, the condition can lead to significant morbidity and mortality due to organ damage.

Related Pages

• Hemochromatosis
• Iron metabolism
• Transferrin
• Liver disease