Age-related maculopathy

= Age-related Maculopathy = Age-related maculopathy (ARM) is a medical condition that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. It is a leading cause of vision impairment in older adults. ARM is often considered a precursor to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which can lead to significant vision loss.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of age-related maculopathy involves the accumulation of drusen, which are yellow deposits under the retina. These deposits are composed of lipids, proteins, and other cellular debris. Over time, the presence of drusen can lead to changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the photoreceptors, ultimately affecting vision.

Drusen

Drusen are classified into two types: hard and soft. Hard drusen are small and well-defined, while soft drusen are larger and have indistinct edges. The presence of soft drusen is more closely associated with the progression to age-related macular degeneration.

Risk Factors

Several risk factors have been identified for age-related maculopathy, including:

• Age: The risk increases significantly with age, particularly after the age of 50.
• Genetics: Family history of ARM or AMD increases the risk.
• Smoking: Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor.
• Diet: Poor diet lacking in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids may contribute to the development of ARM.
• Sunlight Exposure: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light may increase risk.

Symptoms

In the early stages, age-related maculopathy may not cause any symptoms. As the condition progresses, symptoms may include:

• Blurred or distorted vision
• Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
• Dark or empty areas in the center of vision

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of age-related maculopathy is typically made through a comprehensive eye examination, which may include:

• Visual acuity test
• Amsler grid test
• Dilated eye exam
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
• Fluorescein angiography

Management

While there is no cure for age-related maculopathy, management focuses on slowing progression and preserving vision. Strategies include:

• Lifestyle modifications: Quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet rich in leafy greens and fish, and protecting eyes from UV light.
• Nutritional supplements: The AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Study) formula, which includes vitamins C and E, zinc, copper, and beta-carotene, may help slow progression.
• Regular monitoring: Regular eye exams to monitor changes in vision and the condition of the retina.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with age-related maculopathy varies. Some may experience minimal vision changes, while others may progress to age-related macular degeneration, which can lead to significant vision loss.

See Also

• Age-related macular degeneration
• Retinal diseases
• Vision impairment
• National Eye Institute. "Age-Related Macular Degeneration." Accessed October 2023.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology. "Age-Related Maculopathy and Macular Degeneration." Accessed October 2023.

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Age-related maculopathy

Age-related maculopathy is a rare disease.