Alpha cells

Alpha cells (or α-cells) are endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce and secrete glucagon, a hormone that raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream. They are found in the islets of Langerhans, which are scattered throughout the pancreas.

Function

The primary role of alpha cells is to regulate glucose metabolism. When blood glucose levels drop, alpha cells secrete glucagon, which signals the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream. This process, known as glycogenolysis, helps to maintain a steady supply of glucose for the body's cells.

Alpha cells also play a role in the regulation of insulin, a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin and glucagon work together to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin is released to promote glucose uptake by cells, and glucagon secretion is suppressed.

Clinical significance

Abnormal alpha cell function can lead to a number of medical conditions. Overproduction of glucagon can lead to hyperglycemia, a condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. This is often seen in conditions such as type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Conversely, underproduction of glucagon can lead to hypoglycemia, a condition characterized by low blood glucose levels. This can occur in individuals with insulinoma, a rare tumor of the pancreas that produces excess insulin.

Research

Research into alpha cells is ongoing, with scientists seeking to better understand their role in glucose metabolism and their potential as a therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

See also

• Beta cell
• Delta cell
• Pancreatic islets
• Glucagon