Angiodysplasia

Angiodysplasia

Angiodysplasia is a medical condition characterized by abnormal blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract. These abnormal blood vessels, known as arteriovenous malformations, can cause gastrointestinal bleeding, which may lead to anemia and other complications.

Pathophysiology

Angiodysplasia involves the formation of fragile, dilated blood vessels in the mucosa and submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. These vessels are prone to bleeding due to their thin walls and increased fragility. The condition is most commonly found in the colon, particularly the cecum and ascending colon, but can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract.

Epidemiology

Angiodysplasia is more common in older adults, particularly those over the age of 60. It is a significant cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in this age group. The exact prevalence is difficult to determine due to the often asymptomatic nature of the condition.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with angiodysplasia may present with:

• Occult bleeding leading to iron-deficiency anemia
• Melena (black, tarry stools)
• Hematochezia (bright red blood per rectum)
• Fatigue and weakness due to chronic blood loss

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of angiodysplasia is typically made through endoscopic procedures such as:

• Colonoscopy
• Upper endoscopy
• Capsule endoscopy
• Angiography in cases of active bleeding

Treatment

Treatment options for angiodysplasia include:

• Endoscopic therapy such as argon plasma coagulation or laser therapy
• Medications like hormonal therapy or thalidomide
• Surgery in severe cases where other treatments have failed

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with angiodysplasia varies. While some patients may experience recurrent bleeding, others may remain asymptomatic. The condition can often be managed effectively with appropriate treatment.

See also

• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Arteriovenous malformation
• Colonoscopy
• Anemia