Angioedema

Angioedema is a medical condition characterized by a sudden, rapid swelling of the deep layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. This condition is a result of the transient vascular leakage of serous fluid. Although it can occur anywhere on the body, angioedema commonly affects the face, lips, tongue, throat, and extremities.

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Pathophysiology

Angioedema results from the dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels in deep dermal, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues. This process can be triggered by various factors, including an allergic reaction, hereditary factors, or as a side effect of certain medications, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

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Clinical Presentation

The hallmark of angioedema is the rapid onset of swelling involving the skin, mucosa, and submucosal tissues. Commonly affected areas include the face, lips, tongue, larynx, abdomen, and extremities. In severe cases, it can lead to difficulty breathing or swallowing, which can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

Swollen hand during a hereditary angioedema attack.

Diagnosis and Management

Diagnosis of angioedema involves a thorough medical history and physical examination, alongside laboratory investigations, if needed, to rule out underlying causes. Management depends on the severity and the cause of the condition. Treatment may include antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine for acute episodes, and certain types of blood pressure medications like ACE inhibitors should be avoided. In cases of hereditary angioedema, therapies to regulate the protein C1-INH might be used.

References

Angioedema Resources
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