Apnea of prematurity

Apnea of prematurity
Synonyms	AOP
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Cessation of breathing for more than 20 seconds, bradycardia, cyanosis
Complications	N/A
Onset	Premature birth
Duration	Usually resolves by 36 to 37 weeks gestational age
Types	N/A
Causes	Immature central nervous system
Risks	Prematurity, low birth weight
Diagnosis	Clinical diagnosis, observation
Differential diagnosis	Sepsis, neurological disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Caffeine citrate, nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP)
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Generally good, resolves with maturation
Frequency	Common in infants born before 34 weeks gestation
Deaths	N/A

Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a condition that affects premature infants, typically those born before 28 weeks of gestation. It is characterized by periods of stopped breathing for more than 20 seconds, or shorter periods if associated with a slow heart rate (bradycardia) or low oxygen levels (hypoxia).

Etiology

The exact cause of AOP is not fully understood, but it is believed to be due to the immaturity of the baby's respiratory control center in the brainstem. Other factors that may contribute include anemia, infection, metabolic disorders, and disturbances in the baby's sleep-wake cycle.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of AOP is pauses in breathing (apnea). These episodes may be accompanied by a slow heart rate (bradycardia) and/or a change in color (cyanosis) due to low oxygen levels in the blood. Other symptoms may include poor feeding, low body temperature (hypothermia), and a weak or high-pitched cry.

Diagnosis

AOP is typically diagnosed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) where the baby's breathing and heart rate can be continuously monitored. The diagnosis is based on the baby's gestational age, symptoms, and the exclusion of other causes of apnea.

Treatment

The primary goal of treatment is to support the baby's breathing and maintain adequate oxygen levels. This may involve the use of supplemental oxygen, medications, and in some cases, mechanical ventilation. The baby's feeding and growth are also closely monitored, as poor growth can exacerbate the condition.

Prognosis

Most infants with AOP improve with time as their respiratory control center matures. By the time they reach their expected due date, most infants no longer have episodes of apnea.

See also

• Premature birth
• Neonatology
• Respiratory distress syndrome
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia