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Portuguese neurologist and Nobel laureate

António Egas Moniz (29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955) was a Portuguese neurologist and the developer of cerebral angiography. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of lobotomy, a procedure for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949.

Early Life and Education

António Egas Moniz was born in Avanca, Portugal. He studied medicine at the University of Coimbra, where he graduated in 1899. Moniz furthered his studies in neurology in Bordeaux and Paris, where he was influenced by leading neurologists of the time.

Career

Moniz began his career as a professor of neurology at the University of Coimbra and later at the University of Lisbon. He was also involved in politics, serving as a member of the Portuguese parliament and as the ambassador to Spain.

Cerebral Angiography

In 1927, Moniz developed cerebral angiography, a technique that allows for the visualization of the blood vessels in the brain. This was a significant advancement in the field of neurosurgery and neurology, as it enabled the diagnosis of various neurological disorders such as tumors, aneurysms, and arteriovenous malformations.

Lobotomy

Moniz is most famously known for his work on the lobotomy, a controversial surgical procedure that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. He hypothesized that mental illnesses could be treated by altering the brain's structure. In 1935, Moniz performed the first prefrontal leucotomy, which later became known as lobotomy. Despite the procedure's controversial nature and mixed results, it was widely adopted in the 1940s and 1950s.

Nobel Prize

In 1949, Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses." This award was met with both acclaim and criticism due to the ethical implications and the mixed outcomes of the procedure.

Later Life and Legacy

Moniz retired from active practice in 1955 and passed away later that year. His legacy is complex, as he is both celebrated for his contributions to neurology and criticized for the ethical issues surrounding lobotomy.

Honors and Awards

Moniz received numerous honors throughout his career, including:

• Order of Saint James of the Sword
• Order of Public Instruction
• Legion of Honour
• Order of Isabella the Catholic

Related Pages

• Neurology
• Lobotomy
• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Gallery

• António Egas Moniz

• Portrait of Egas Moniz by José Malhoa

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  Commemorative note of Egas Moniz

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  Order of Saint James of the Sword

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  Order of Public Instruction

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  Legion of Honour

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  Order of the Crown of Italy

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  Order of Isabella the Catholic