Arteriovenous shunt

Arteriovenous shunt is a medical term that refers to an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein. This connection, which bypasses the capillary system, can occur naturally in the body or can be surgically created for medical purposes.

Anatomy and Physiology

In normal anatomy and physiology, blood flows from the heart to the arteries, which narrow into capillaries where nutrients and oxygen are exchanged. The blood then moves into veins and returns to the heart. An arteriovenous shunt disrupts this flow, allowing blood to move directly from an artery to a vein.

Types of Arteriovenous Shunts

There are two main types of arteriovenous shunts: congenital and acquired. Congenital arteriovenous shunts are present at birth and are often associated with conditions such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Acquired arteriovenous shunts are typically the result of trauma, surgery, or disease.

Medical Uses

Arteriovenous shunts are often used in dialysis for patients with chronic kidney disease. The shunt, usually created in the arm, allows for easy access to the bloodstream and can withstand repeated needle insertions.

Complications

Complications of arteriovenous shunts can include infection, clotting, and heart failure due to increased blood flow. In addition, arteriovenous shunts can sometimes lead to pulmonary hypertension.

Treatment

Treatment for arteriovenous shunts depends on the cause and severity of the shunt. Options can include medication, surgery, or in some cases, no treatment is necessary.