Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model

The Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model, also known as the multi-store model, is a psychological theory that describes the structure and function of human memory. Proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968, the model suggests that memory consists of three distinct stores: the sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Each of these stores has different characteristics and functions in the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Overview

The Atkinson–Shiffrin model is a foundational concept in the field of cognitive psychology. It provides a framework for understanding how information is processed and stored in the human brain. The model is often depicted as a flowchart, illustrating the movement of information through the different memory stores.

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory, where sensory information is captured from the environment. This store holds information for a very brief period, typically less than a second. Sensory memory acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses, allowing the brain to process and interpret the information. There are different types of sensory memory, such as iconic memory for visual stimuli and echoic memory for auditory stimuli.

Short-Term Memory

Short-term memory (STM), also known as working memory, is the second stage in the Atkinson–Shiffrin model. It is responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information. STM has a limited capacity, often cited as 7±2 items, and a short duration, typically around 20 to 30 seconds. Information in STM can be maintained through rehearsal, a process of repetitively focusing on the information.

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory (LTM) is the final stage in the model, where information is stored for extended periods, potentially for a lifetime. LTM has a virtually unlimited capacity and can hold information indefinitely. It is divided into different types, such as explicit memory (conscious recall) and implicit memory (unconscious recall). The process of transferring information from STM to LTM is known as encoding, and retrieval is the process of accessing stored information.

Criticisms and Developments

While the Atkinson–Shiffrin model was groundbreaking, it has faced criticism and has been refined over time. Critics argue that the model oversimplifies the complexity of human memory and does not account for the dynamic nature of memory processes. Subsequent research has led to the development of more comprehensive models, such as the Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory.

Also see

• Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory
• Levels of processing theory
• Memory consolidation
• Neuroscience of memory