Basra

AMH-5342-NA View of Basra and 'Gordelaan' castle

Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection Q25671

Basra in a drawing by the Portuguese late 16th century

Persian Gulf Pt8

Ministry of Information First World War Official Collection Q25704

Basra is a city located in the southern part of Iraq, near the country's border with Kuwait. It is the capital of the Basra Governorate and is known as the economic capital of Iraq due to its vital role in the country's oil industry. Basra is also an important hub for transportation and commerce, given its access to the Persian Gulf through the Shatt al-Arab waterway.

History

The history of Basra stretches back to ancient times, with its establishment traditionally dated to 636 AD by the Arab general Utbah ibn Ghazwan under the orders of the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab. It was initially conceived as a military encampment for Arab tribesmen during the Islamic conquests but quickly grew into a thriving city due to its strategic location for trade routes between the Middle East and Asia. Over the centuries, Basra became a center of learning and culture, famously contributing to the Islamic Golden Age with scholars, poets, and scientists.

During the Ottoman Empire, Basra was an important port city, but its significance waned due to shifting trade routes and political dynamics. The city saw a resurgence in the 20th century with the discovery of oil in the region, becoming a focal point for Iraq's burgeoning oil industry.

Geography

Basra is situated in the marshlands of the delta of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, which flow into the Persian Gulf. This unique geographic location has made it an important agricultural center, particularly for date palms and other crops that thrive in its climate. However, the city's proximity to the desert also subjects it to extreme temperatures, especially during the summer months.

Economy

The economy of Basra is predominantly driven by the oil sector, with some of the largest oil fields in Iraq located in the vicinity. This has attracted a significant amount of international investment and has led to the development of related industries, including petrochemicals and shipping. The port of Basra is one of the country's main outlets for oil exports and is a critical asset for the Iraqi economy.

Culture

Basra has a rich cultural heritage, with a history that reflects a blend of Arab, Persian, and Islamic influences. The city is known for its poetry and literature, contributing several notable figures to the Arab literary world. Additionally, Basra's cuisine reflects its diverse history and geographical location, featuring both traditional Iraqi dishes and seafood from the Persian Gulf.

Challenges

Despite its economic importance, Basra faces several challenges, including political instability, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure. Environmental issues, such as water pollution and salinity, have also impacted the city's agriculture and public health. Efforts are ongoing to address these challenges and improve the living conditions for the residents of Basra.

See also

• Iraq
• Oil industry
• Persian Gulf
• Islamic Golden Age