Nonvenereal endemic syphilis

Nonvenereal endemic syphilis (also known as bejel, endemic syphilis, or nonvenereal syphilis) is a chronic bacterial disease caused by the Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum. This disease is primarily transmitted through close personal contact and is most commonly found in arid regions, such as the Middle East and North Africa.

Etiology

Nonvenereal endemic syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum. This bacterium is closely related to the one that causes venereal syphilis, but it is adapted to non-sexual transmission.

Epidemiology

Nonvenereal endemic syphilis is most commonly found in arid regions, such as the Middle East and North Africa. It is primarily transmitted through close personal contact, often among children. The disease is endemic in these regions, meaning it is constantly present at a low level.

Clinical Presentation

The symptoms of nonvenereal endemic syphilis are similar to those of venereal syphilis, but they tend to be less severe. The disease typically begins with a lesion in the mouth or throat, which is followed by a rash on the skin and mucous membranes. If left untreated, the disease can progress to affect the bones and central nervous system.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of nonvenereal endemic syphilis is typically made based on the clinical presentation and history of exposure. Laboratory tests, such as serologic tests for syphilis, can also be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment for nonvenereal endemic syphilis typically involves antibiotics, such as penicillin. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for this disease is generally good.

Prevention

Prevention of nonvenereal endemic syphilis primarily involves avoiding close personal contact with infected individuals. In endemic regions, public health measures such as improved sanitation and hygiene can also help to reduce the spread of the disease.