Bharatanatyam

Thanjavur, Brihadishwara Temple, dance (6851706080)

Rukmini Devi

Bharatanatyam danseuse

Bharatanatyan Student with Guru

A girl performing a Bharatanatyam dance at a Pongal Festival in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India

Rajasree warrier IMG 7539

Bharatanatyam is a major form of Indian classical dance that originated in the Tamil Nadu region of India. It is one of the oldest classical dance traditions in India, with roots that date back to the ancient Hindu scriptures known as the Natya Shastra, attributed to the sage Bharata Muni. Bharatanatyam is known for its grace, purity, tenderness, and sculptural poses. This dance form embodies music, rhythm, and expression to narrate stories and express spiritual themes primarily derived from Hindu religious texts.

History

The history of Bharatanatyam can be traced back to the ancient Sanskrit text, the Natya Shastra, which serves as a foundational work not only for Bharatanatyam but for all Indian classical dance forms. Originally performed in temples as a religious offering by Devadasis, it has evolved over centuries into a form of classical stage art. The transition from the temple to the stage was marked by significant changes in presentation and technique, yet the core spiritual and religious themes remained integral to the dance.

Performance

A Bharatanatyam performance typically involves a solo dancer, accompanied by musicians and a singer. The dance is divided into three categories: Nritta (pure dance), Nritya (expressive dance), and Natya (dramatic storytelling). Nritta focuses on rhythm and footwork, Nritya combines rhythm with expression, conveying emotions through facial expressions and hand gestures called Mudras, and Natya involves dramatic storytelling. The costumes and makeup are elaborate, with the dancer wearing a tailored sari that enhances the dance movements, along with traditional jewelry that complements the overall aesthetic.

Technique

Bharatanatyam technique includes a fixed upper torso, bent legs, and a flexed knee position known as Aramandi. The dance form emphasizes the importance of a balanced stance, eye movements, and hand gestures. The footwork is intricate and is performed in coordination with the musical accompaniment. The facial expressions, or Abhinaya, are a critical aspect of Bharatanatyam, used to convey a wide range of emotions and tell stories.

Music and Rhythms

The music of Bharatanatyam is based on Carnatic music, a form of South Indian classical music. The rhythm is governed by a cycle of beats called a Tala, and the melodies are based on specific scales or Ragas. The vocal music, played by the orchestra, guides the dancer's performance, with the lyrics typically in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, or Sanskrit.

Cultural Significance

Bharatanatyam is more than just a dance form; it is a cultural emblem that represents the rich cultural heritage of India. It plays a crucial role in preserving and propagating traditional values and religious stories, connecting the past with the present. Bharatanatyam has also been instrumental in fostering cultural exchange, as it has gained popularity and recognition across the globe.

Modern Developments

In the 20th century, Bharatanatyam underwent significant transformations, with efforts to revive and globalize the art form. Dancers and choreographers have experimented with its format and presentation, incorporating contemporary themes and innovative choreography while maintaining the traditional essence. Today, Bharatanatyam is taught and performed worldwide, celebrated as a vibrant and dynamic form of artistic expression.