Bite cells

Bite cells are a type of red blood cell that have undergone a specific form of damage, resulting in a distinctive appearance under the microscope. They are named for their appearance, which is reminiscent of a cell that has been "bitten" and had a piece removed. Bite cells are a significant finding in certain medical conditions, particularly those involving oxidative damage to the red blood cells.

Formation

Bite cells are formed when the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is deficient in red blood cells. G6PD is crucial for the pentose phosphate pathway, which helps protect red blood cells from oxidative damage. When G6PD is deficient, the red blood cells are more susceptible to damage from oxidative stress. This can lead to the formation of Heinz bodies, which are inclusions within the red blood cells composed of denatured hemoglobin.

The body's immune system recognizes these Heinz bodies as abnormal and targets them for removal. This is done by the spleen, which "bites" off the portion of the cell containing the Heinz body, resulting in the characteristic appearance of a bite cell.

Clinical significance

The presence of bite cells is a significant finding in the diagnosis of G6PD deficiency, a genetic disorder that is one of the most common enzyme deficiencies worldwide. This condition can lead to episodes of hemolytic anemia, particularly in response to certain medications, foods, or infections.

Bite cells can also be seen in other conditions associated with oxidative stress, such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease. However, their presence is most strongly associated with G6PD deficiency.

See also

• Red blood cell
• G6PD deficiency
• Heinz bodies
• Hemolytic anemia