Hemolytic anemia

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Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over. This destruction of red blood cells is called hemolysis. Hemolytic anemia can be either intrinsic or extrinsic.

Types

Hemolytic anemia can be classified into two main types:

• Intrinsic hemolytic anemia: This type is usually inherited and occurs due to defects within the red blood cells themselves. Examples include sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and hereditary spherocytosis.
• Extrinsic hemolytic anemia: This type is usually acquired and occurs due to external factors acting on the red blood cells. Examples include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

Causes

The causes of hemolytic anemia can be diverse and include:

• Genetic disorders such as G6PD deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency.
• Autoimmune diseases where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells.
• Infections such as malaria.
• Medications and toxins that can damage red blood cells.
• Mechanical causes such as prosthetic heart valves.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of hemolytic anemia include:

• Fatigue
• Pallor
• Shortness of breath
• Jaundice
• Dark urine
• Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of hemolytic anemia typically involves:

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Reticulocyte count
• Peripheral blood smear
• Coombs test
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels
• Haptoglobin levels
• Bilirubin levels

Treatment

Treatment of hemolytic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Corticosteroids for autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
• Blood transfusions for severe anemia.
• Folic acid supplements.
• Splenectomy in cases of hereditary spherocytosis.
• Immunosuppressive therapy.

Prognosis

The prognosis of hemolytic anemia varies depending on the cause and severity of the condition. With appropriate treatment, many individuals can manage their symptoms and lead normal lives.

See also

• Anemia
• Red blood cell
• Hemoglobin
• Bone marrow
• Immune system