Brazilian purpuric fever

A rare and severe illness caused by Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius

Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) is a rare and severe illness caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius. It primarily affects children and is characterized by high fever, purpura, and septicemia. The disease was first identified in Brazil in the 1980s and has since been a subject of medical research due to its rapid progression and high mortality rate.

Etiology

BPF is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius, which is closely related to the more common Haemophilus influenzae type b. This particular biogroup is known for its ability to cause conjunctivitis, but in the case of BPF, it leads to a more systemic and severe infection.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of Brazilian purpuric fever involves the invasion of the bloodstream by H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius. The bacteria can evade the host's immune system, leading to widespread infection. The characteristic purpura seen in BPF is due to the leakage of blood into the skin and mucous membranes, a result of the vascular damage caused by the bacterial toxins.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with Brazilian purpuric fever typically present with the following symptoms:

• High fever
• Purpura (purple spots on the skin)
• Conjunctivitis
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Rapid progression to septicemia

The disease primarily affects children, and the rapid progression can lead to shock and death if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of BPF is based on clinical presentation and laboratory tests. Blood cultures can identify the presence of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius. Other laboratory findings may include leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia.

Treatment

Treatment of Brazilian purpuric fever involves the use of antibiotics effective against Haemophilus influenzae. Supportive care, including fluid resuscitation and management of shock, is critical. Early intervention is essential to improve outcomes.

Prevention

Preventive measures for BPF focus on controlling the spread of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius. This includes good hygiene practices and possibly the use of prophylactic antibiotics in close contacts of affected individuals.

Epidemiology

Brazilian purpuric fever is a rare disease, with most cases reported in Brazil. The disease primarily affects children in tropical and subtropical regions. Outbreaks have been sporadic, and the overall incidence remains low.

Related pages

• Haemophilus influenzae
• Septicemia
• Conjunctivitis