Bruising

Bruising (also known as a contusion) is a type of hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues. Bruises can involve capillaries at the level of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone.

Causes

Bruising is often caused by a direct blow or impact, which crushes underlying muscle fibers and connective tissue without breaking the skin. The blood from the ruptured capillaries leaks out under the skin, causing the characteristic black-and-blue color. Other causes of bruising include:

• Medical conditions such as hemophilia, leukemia, and other blood disorders
• Certain medications, such as anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs
• Nutritional deficiencies, particularly of vitamin C and vitamin K
• Aging, which can cause the skin to become thinner and more susceptible to bruising

Symptoms

The primary symptom of a bruise is a discolored area of the skin that is typically blue or purple. As the bruise heals, it may change color to green, yellow, or brown. Other symptoms can include:

• Swelling
• Pain or tenderness
• Stiffness in the affected area

Diagnosis

Bruises are usually diagnosed based on their appearance and the history of trauma. In some cases, additional tests may be needed to determine the underlying cause, especially if bruising occurs frequently or without apparent cause. These tests may include:

• Blood tests to check for clotting disorders
• Imaging studies such as X-rays or MRI to assess the extent of the injury

Treatment

Most bruises heal on their own without the need for medical treatment. However, the following measures can help speed up the healing process and reduce discomfort:

• Applying a cold compress to the affected area to reduce swelling
• Keeping the bruised area elevated
• Taking over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen
• Avoiding activities that could cause further injury

Prevention

To prevent bruising, individuals can take the following steps:

• Wearing protective gear during sports or other physical activities
• Ensuring adequate intake of vitamins and minerals, particularly vitamin C and vitamin K
• Being cautious when taking medications that can increase the risk of bruising

See also

• Hematoma
• Ecchymosis
• Petechia
• Purpura
• Hemophilia
• Leukemia