CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, is a United States federal law designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances and pollutants. Enacted by Congress on December 11, 1980, CERCLA created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment.

Overview

CERCLA's primary goals are to identify sites where hazardous substances have been released, control the release of hazardous substances, and ensure that these sites are cleaned up by the responsible parties. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tasked with creating a National Priorities List (NPL) to prioritize sites for cleanup. CERCLA also established a trust fund, known as the Superfund, to provide funding for cleanup activities when responsible parties cannot be identified or are unable to pay for the cleanup.

Key Provisions

CERCLA includes several key provisions:

• Section 104 authorizes the EPA to respond to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances.
• Section 106 allows the EPA to issue orders for responsible parties to undertake cleanup actions.
• Section 107 establishes liability for parties responsible for the release of hazardous substances.
• Section 108 establishes the financial responsibility requirements.
• Section 113 provides for judicial review and enforcement of cleanup actions.

Liability

Under CERCLA, parties that can be held responsible for contamination include the current owner or operator of the site, the owner or operator of the site at the time of disposal, those who arranged for the disposal of the hazardous substances, and those who transported the hazardous substances to the site. This broad definition of liability ensures that the costs of cleanup can be recovered from a wide range of parties.

Funding

The Superfund was initially funded by a tax on the petroleum and chemical industries, but since 1995, it has been funded primarily through general revenues. Congress periodically appropriates funds to the Superfund, which are used for cleanup activities, enforcement, and community involvement initiatives.

Challenges and Criticisms

CERCLA has faced criticism for its slow cleanup process, high costs, and the complexity of its liability provisions. The process of identifying potentially responsible parties and determining their share of the cleanup costs can be lengthy and contentious. Additionally, the reliance on litigation to compel responsible parties to clean up sites has been criticized for delaying cleanup efforts.

Amendments and Reforms

CERCLA has been amended several times since its enactment. The most significant amendment came in 1986 with the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), which increased the size of the trust fund, expanded the EPA's authority, and emphasized the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleanups. SARA also enhanced community involvement in the cleanup process and increased the focus on human health when assessing sites.

Conclusion

Despite its challenges, CERCLA has played a crucial role in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites across the United States. By establishing a framework for responding to releases of hazardous substances and creating a mechanism for financing cleanup activities, CERCLA has helped protect public health and the environment from the dangers of uncontrolled hazardous waste.