Calculus (dental)

Calculus (dental) is a form of hardened dental plaque. It is caused by the continual accumulation of minerals from saliva on plaque on the teeth. Its rough surface provides an ideal medium for further plaque formation, leading to further calculus build-up, which compounds the problem.

Formation

Calculus formation is associated with a number of clinical manifestations, including bad breath, receding gums and chronically inflamed gingiva. Brushing and flossing can remove plaque from which calculus forms; however, once formed, it is too hard and firmly attached to be removed with a toothbrush. Calculus buildup can be removed with ultrasonic tools or dental hand instruments (such as a periodontal scaler).

Types

There are two types of calculus: supragingival and subgingival.

Supragingival calculus is located above the gum line. It is typically white in color and can be seen in the mirror. This type of calculus forms when plaque on the teeth combines with saliva.

Subgingival calculus is located below the gum line. It is typically brown or black in color. This type of calculus forms when plaque on the teeth combines with the serum in the gingival crevicular fluid.

Prevention and treatment

Prevention of calculus build-up is achieved by control of plaque deposits. This can be done through regular use of dental floss, antiseptic mouthwash, and the use of interdental brushes in addition to tooth brushing. Once calculus has formed, it can only be removed professionally in a dental practice.

See also

• Dental plaque
• Periodontitis
• Gingivitis