Campylobacteriosis

ARS Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacteriosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. Most human illness is caused by Campylobacter jejuni, but Campylobacter coli and other species can also be the culprits. It is a common cause of diarrhea worldwide and can lead to more serious conditions such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

Symptoms

The primary symptom of campylobacteriosis is diarrhea, which can be watery or bloody. Other common symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and cramps. Nausea and vomiting may also occur. Symptoms typically appear 2 to 5 days after exposure to the bacteria and can last about a week.

Transmission

Campylobacteriosis is usually transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food or water. The most common source is undercooked poultry, as the bacteria are often found in the intestines of birds. Unpasteurized milk and contaminated water are other potential sources. The disease can also be transmitted through contact with infected animals, particularly pets and livestock.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of campylobacteriosis is typically made by isolating Campylobacter species from a stool sample. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are increasingly used due to their speed and accuracy.

Treatment

Treatment primarily involves rehydration therapy to replace fluids lost through diarrhea. In more severe cases, antibiotics such as erythromycin or azithromycin may be prescribed. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Campylobacter has made treatment more challenging.

Prevention

Preventive measures include proper food safety practices such as cooking poultry thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination between raw meat and other foods, drinking pasteurized milk, and ensuring safe drinking water. Handwashing after handling pets or coming into contact with animal feces is also important.

Epidemiology

Campylobacteriosis is more common in developing countries but is also a significant public health concern in developed nations. It is one of the most common causes of diarrheal illness in humans worldwide. Outbreaks can occur, especially when people consume contaminated food or water in a shared setting.

Complications

While most cases of campylobacteriosis are self-limiting, complications can occur, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. Complications may include bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream), reactive arthritis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare condition that can cause paralysis.