Caput medusae

A medical condition characterized by distended veins around the umbilicus

Caput medusae

CT scan showing caput medusae

Caput medusae is a medical condition characterized by the appearance of distended and engorged superficial epigastric veins, which radiate from the umbilicus across the abdomen. This condition is often associated with portal hypertension, which is an increase in the blood pressure within the portal venous system.

Pathophysiology

Caput medusae occurs when there is an obstruction of the portal vein, leading to increased pressure in the portal venous system. This pressure causes blood to be redirected through collateral circulation, including the paraumbilical veins, which become distended and visible on the surface of the abdomen. The condition is named after the Greek mythological character Medusa, whose hair was transformed into snakes, resembling the appearance of the engorged veins.

Causes

The primary cause of caput medusae is portal hypertension, which can result from various underlying conditions, including:

• Cirrhosis of the liver
• Hepatitis
• Liver fibrosis
• Thrombosis of the portal vein
• Budd-Chiari syndrome

Clinical presentation

Patients with caput medusae typically present with visible, tortuous veins radiating from the umbilicus. These veins are often described as having a "snake-like" appearance. In addition to the cosmetic appearance, patients may experience symptoms related to the underlying cause of portal hypertension, such as ascites, jaundice, and splenomegaly.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of caput medusae is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic appearance of the veins. However, imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI may be used to assess the underlying cause of portal hypertension and to evaluate the extent of collateral circulation.

Management

Treatment of caput medusae focuses on addressing the underlying cause of portal hypertension. This may include:

• Medical management of liver disease
• Endoscopic procedures to manage varices
• Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to reduce portal pressure
• Liver transplantation in cases of end-stage liver disease

Prognosis

The prognosis of caput medusae depends on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of treatment. While the condition itself is not life-threatening, it is a sign of significant portal hypertension, which can lead to serious complications if not managed appropriately.

Related pages

• Portal hypertension
• Cirrhosis
• Liver disease
• Varices