Cardiopulmonary bypass machine

Cardiopulmonary bypass machine (also known as a heart-lung machine) is a device that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery, maintaining the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the body. The cardiopulmonary bypass machine is an essential component of open heart surgery.

History

The development of the cardiopulmonary bypass machine has been a major advancement in cardiac surgery. The first successful use of the machine was reported by John Gibbon in 1953 for a atrial septal defect closure operation.

Function

The cardiopulmonary bypass machine works by diverting blood away from the heart and lungs. This blood is then oxygenated by the machine and pumped back into the patient's body. This allows surgeons to operate on a still, bloodless heart.

Components

The main components of a cardiopulmonary bypass machine include a blood pump, an oxygenator, a heat exchanger, and a reservoir for blood. The blood pump, often referred to as the centrifugal pump, is responsible for moving the blood through the machine and back into the patient. The oxygenator is where the blood is oxygenated, while the heat exchanger ensures the blood remains at the correct temperature. The reservoir allows for the collection and measurement of blood.

Risks and Complications

While the cardiopulmonary bypass machine has revolutionized cardiac surgery, its use is not without risks. These can include stroke, organ damage, and postperfusion syndrome, also known as "pump head".

Future Developments

Research is ongoing into the development of smaller, more efficient cardiopulmonary bypass machines, as well as machines that can minimize the risks associated with their use.