Cartilage repair

Cartilage repair
File:Cartilage repair.jpg Illustration of cartilage repair process
Details
System	Musculoskeletal system
Function	Repair damaged cartilage
Identifiers
TA98
TH	{{#property:P1694}}
TE	{{#property:P1693}}
FMA	{{#property:P1402}}
Anatomical terminology

Cartilage repair refers to the process of restoring damaged or injured cartilage in the body. Cartilage is a tough, flexible connective tissue that covers the ends of bones in joints, providing cushioning and allowing smooth movement. However, due to its limited blood supply, cartilage has a limited ability to heal itself when damaged. Therefore, cartilage repair techniques aim to stimulate the growth of new cartilage or replace damaged cartilage with healthy tissue.

Causes of Cartilage Damage

Cartilage damage can occur due to various reasons, including:

• Trauma: Injuries such as sports-related accidents or falls can cause cartilage damage.
• Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease that gradually wears down cartilage over time.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to cartilage.
• Genetic factors: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to cartilage problems.

Symptoms of Cartilage Damage

The symptoms of cartilage damage can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury. Common symptoms include:

• Joint pain and stiffness
• Swelling and inflammation
• Clicking or popping sounds in the joint
• Limited range of motion
• Joint instability

Diagnosis

To diagnose cartilage damage, a healthcare professional may perform various tests, including:

• Physical examination: The doctor will assess the affected joint, looking for signs of swelling, tenderness, or instability.
• Imaging tests: X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) scans can provide detailed images of the joint and cartilage.
• Arthroscopy: A minimally invasive procedure where a small camera is inserted into the joint to visualize and assess the cartilage.

Treatment Options

The treatment of cartilage damage depends on several factors, including the location, size, and severity of the injury, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Common treatment options include:

• Conservative management: This includes rest, physical therapy, pain management, and lifestyle modifications to reduce stress on the affected joint.
• Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be prescribed to reduce pain and inflammation.
• Cartilage repair procedures: These techniques aim to stimulate the growth of new cartilage or replace damaged cartilage with healthy tissue. They include:
  • Microfracture surgery: Small holes are made in the bone beneath the damaged cartilage, allowing blood and bone marrow cells to stimulate the growth of new cartilage.
  • Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI): Healthy cartilage cells are harvested from the patient's own body and then implanted into the damaged area.
  • Osteochondral autograft transplantation (OATS): Healthy cartilage and bone are taken from a non-weight-bearing area of the patient's joint and transplanted into the damaged area.
  • Allograft transplantation: Healthy cartilage from a donor is transplanted into the damaged area.
• Joint replacement surgery: In severe cases where cartilage damage is extensive, joint replacement surgery may be necessary to replace the damaged joint with an artificial joint.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

Recovery and rehabilitation following cartilage repair procedures are crucial for successful outcomes. This typically involves:

• Physical therapy: A structured exercise program to improve joint mobility, strength, and stability.
• Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce stress on the joints and improve overall joint health.
• Activity modification: Avoiding high-impact activities or sports that may put excessive stress on the repaired joint.
• Follow-up care: Regular check-ups with the healthcare provider to monitor progress and address any concerns.

Prevention

While it may not be possible to prevent all cartilage damage, certain measures can help reduce the risk. These include:

• Proper joint protection: Using appropriate protective gear during sports or activities that pose a risk of joint injury.
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding smoking can promote overall joint health.
• Avoiding repetitive stress: Taking breaks and using proper ergonomics during activities that involve repetitive joint movements.

See Also

• Articular cartilage
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Arthroscopy