Catecholamine

Catecholamines are a class of neurohormones that are synthesized and released by neurons (nerve cells). They play pivotal roles in the body's physiological response to stress, including the "fight-or-flight" response. Catecholamines influence a wide array of body functions, including blood pressure, heart rate, and anxiety levels. Examples of catecholamines encompass dopamine, epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), and norepinephrine (or noradrenaline).

Biochemistry and Physiology

Catecholamines share a common biochemical structure, with a catechol nucleus and an amine side chain. These neurohormones are synthesized in the adrenal medulla and certain brain neurons. The synthesis of catecholamines involves a multi-step enzymatic process that begins with the amino acid tyrosine.

Physiological Effects

When released into the bloodstream, catecholamines bind to adrenergic receptors, initiating a cascade of physiological responses. These include increased heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels, preparing the body for immediate physical action.

Catecholamines and Stress Response

In response to stress, the body elevates the production and secretion of catecholamines. This facilitates a rapid, systemic response, including increased cardiac output, dilation of the bronchial passages, and a heightened state of alertness, known as the "fight-or-flight" response.

Clinical Significance

Persistently high levels of catecholamines can contribute to various health conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), pounding heart sensation (palpitations), chest pain, and anxiety. Certain tumors, like pheochromocytoma, can cause overproduction of these hormones, leading to severe symptoms.

References

Catecholamine Resources
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