Celt

The Celts were a collection of tribes with origins in central Europe that shared a similar language, religious beliefs, traditions, and culture. The history of the Celts spans from the early Iron Age to the Roman period, and their influence is still evident in modern European cultures.

Origins and Expansion

The Celts are believed to have originated in the Hallstatt culture, which was centered in what is now Austria, around 1200 BCE. This culture is characterized by its advanced metalworking skills, particularly in iron, which gave rise to the Iron Age. The Celts expanded across Europe, reaching as far west as the British Isles and as far east as Galatia in modern-day Turkey.

Culture and Society

Celtic society was tribal and hierarchical, with a warrior aristocracy. They were known for their fierce warriors, skilled artisans, and complex social structures. The Celts had a rich oral tradition, with bards and druids playing important roles in preserving and transmitting their culture and knowledge.

Language

The Celtic languages are a branch of the larger Indo-European language family. They are divided into two groups: the Goidelic (or Gaelic) languages, which include Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx; and the Brythonic (or Brittonic) languages, which include Welsh, Breton, and Cornish.

Religion

Celtic religion was polytheistic, with a pantheon of gods and goddesses. The druids were the priestly class, responsible for religious rituals, legal matters, and education. The Celts celebrated seasonal festivals such as Samhain, Imbolc, Beltane, and Lughnasadh.

Art and Craftsmanship

Celtic art is renowned for its intricate designs, including spirals, knots, and animal motifs. They excelled in metalwork, producing beautiful jewelry, weapons, and tools. The La Tène culture, which followed the Hallstatt, is particularly noted for its artistic achievements.

Decline and Legacy

The expansion of the Roman Empire led to the decline of Celtic dominance in Europe. Many Celtic tribes were absorbed into the Roman Empire, and their cultures were influenced by Roman customs. However, Celtic traditions and languages survived in the British Isles, particularly in Ireland and Scotland.

Also see

• Gauls
• Druids
• Celtic mythology
• Iron Age Europe
• La Tène culture