Champa Kingdom

Champa Kingdom

The Champa Kingdom was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is today central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century AD until 1832, when it was annexed by the Nguyen dynasty. The kingdom was known for its rich culture, maritime trade, and as a center of Hinduism and later Buddhism in Southeast Asia.

History

Origins

The origins of the Champa Kingdom can be traced back to the early centuries AD, when the Cham people, an Austronesian ethnic group, began to establish settlements along the coast of present-day Vietnam. The earliest known kingdom of Champa was established in the late 2nd century AD, with its capital at Indrapura.

Expansion and Golden Age

During the 4th to 10th centuries, Champa expanded its territory and influence, reaching its zenith in the 9th and 10th centuries. The kingdom was divided into several principalities, including Amaravati, Vijaya, Kauthara, and Panduranga. Champa was a major player in the maritime trade networks of Southeast Asia, trading with China, India, and the Malay Archipelago.

Decline and Fall

The decline of Champa began in the 11th century due to repeated invasions by the Khmer Empire and the Dai Viet. The kingdom suffered significant territorial losses and was eventually reduced to a small principality. In 1471, the Dai Viet captured the Cham capital of Vijaya, marking the beginning of the end for the Champa Kingdom. By 1832, the last remnants of Champa were annexed by the Nguyen dynasty.

Culture

Religion

Champa was a center of Hinduism in Southeast Asia, with the worship of Shiva and Vishnu being predominant. The kingdom is known for its impressive Hindu temples, such as the My Son sanctuary, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Buddhism also played a significant role in Champa, especially during the later periods.

Art and Architecture

Champa is renowned for its unique art and architecture, which were heavily influenced by Indian styles. The Cham built numerous temples and towers, known as "Cham towers", which are characterized by their intricate brickwork and elaborate carvings.

Language and Literature

The Cham language, part of the Austronesian language family, was the primary language of the Champa Kingdom. The Cham script, derived from the Pallava script, was used for religious and administrative purposes. Champa also produced a rich body of literature, including inscriptions and religious texts.

Economy

Champa's economy was based on agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, and maritime trade. The kingdom was strategically located along the maritime trade routes between China and India, allowing it to become a prosperous trading hub. Champa exported valuable goods such as spices, ivory, and sandalwood.

Legacy

The legacy of the Champa Kingdom is evident in the cultural and architectural heritage of Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The Cham people continue to live in Vietnam and Cambodia, preserving their unique cultural identity and traditions.

See Also

• Cham people
• My Son
• Nguyen dynasty

References

• Coedes, George. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press, 1968.
• Higham, Charles. Early Mainland Southeast Asia. River Books, 2014.

External Links

• My Son Sanctuary - UNESCO World Heritage Centre