Cholelith

Cholelith

Overview

Cholelith, commonly known as a gallstone, is a crystalline concretion formed within the gallbladder by accretion of bile components. Gallstones can vary in size and shape and may cause significant gastrointestinal symptoms or remain asymptomatic.

Types of Gallstones

Gallstones are classified into two main types:

• Cholesterol Gallstones: These are the most common type, accounting for about 80% of gallstones in the Western world. They are primarily composed of hardened cholesterol and are usually yellow-green in color.

• Pigment Gallstones: These stones are smaller and darker and are made up of bilirubin. They are more common in individuals with certain medical conditions, such as cirrhosis or sickle cell anemia.

Pathophysiology

The formation of gallstones is a complex process that involves:

• Supersaturation of Bile: When bile contains too much cholesterol, it can precipitate out of solution, forming crystals that grow into stones.

• Gallbladder Hypomotility: Reduced motility of the gallbladder can lead to incomplete emptying, promoting stone formation.

• Nucleation: The process by which cholesterol crystals aggregate to form stones.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing gallstones, including:

• Genetic Predisposition
• Obesity
• Rapid Weight Loss
• Pregnancy
• Certain Medications
• Dietary Factors

Symptoms

While many individuals with gallstones remain asymptomatic, some may experience:

• Biliary colic
• Nausea and vomiting
• Jaundice
• Fever and chills

Diagnosis

Gallstones are typically diagnosed using:

• Ultrasound: The most common and non-invasive method.
• CT scan: Provides detailed images of the gallbladder and surrounding structures.
• Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): A specialized MRI technique.

Treatment

Treatment options for gallstones include:

• Watchful Waiting: For asymptomatic gallstones.
• Medications: Such as ursodeoxycholic acid to dissolve cholesterol stones.
• Surgery: Cholecystectomy, the removal of the gallbladder, is the definitive treatment.

Complications

Potential complications of gallstones include:

• Cholecystitis
• Pancreatitis
• Cholangitis
• Gallbladder cancer

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Eating a balanced diet
• Regular physical activity

See Also

• Biliary tract
• Liver
• Digestive system

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