Civil Rights Act of 1957

Civil Rights Act of 1957

The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was a significant piece of legislation in the United States that marked the first federal civil rights law enacted since the Reconstruction era. It was primarily aimed at ensuring that all Americans could exercise their right to vote, a right that had been systematically denied to African Americans, particularly in the Southern states.

Background

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s was gaining momentum, with increasing demands for the federal government to take action against racial discrimination and segregation. The Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) had declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional, further energizing the movement.

Despite these advances, African Americans in the South faced numerous obstacles when attempting to register to vote, including literacy tests, poll taxes, and outright intimidation. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was introduced to address these issues and to demonstrate federal support for civil rights.

Legislative History

The bill was introduced by President Dwight D. Eisenhower and was primarily drafted by Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr.. It faced significant opposition in Congress, particularly from Southern Democrats who were determined to maintain the status quo of racial segregation.

The bill was debated extensively in the Senate, where it faced a filibuster led by Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, who spoke for a record 24 hours and 18 minutes in opposition to the bill. Despite these efforts, the bill was eventually passed by Congress and signed into law by President Eisenhower on September 9, 1957.

Provisions of the Act

The Civil Rights Act of 1957 had several key provisions:

• Establishment of the Civil Rights Division: The Act created a Civil Rights Division within the Department of Justice, tasked with enforcing federal statutes prohibiting discrimination.

• Creation of the United States Commission on Civil Rights: This independent commission was established to investigate and report on civil rights issues, particularly those related to voting rights.

• Voting Rights Protections: The Act authorized the Attorney General to seek court injunctions against any interference with the right to vote.

Impact and Significance

While the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was limited in scope and effectiveness, it was a crucial first step in the legislative process that would eventually lead to more comprehensive civil rights laws, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

The Act demonstrated a growing federal commitment to civil rights and set a precedent for future legislation. It also highlighted the challenges of passing civil rights laws in a deeply divided Congress and underscored the importance of continued advocacy and activism by civil rights organizations.

See Also

• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Civil Rights Movement

References

• "Civil Rights Act of 1957." Encyclopædia Britannica.
• "The Civil Rights Act of 1957." National Archives and Records Administration.

External Links

• National Archives: The Civil Rights Act of 1957
• U.S. Senate: Civil Rights Filibuster