Classical Hodgkin lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a type of lymphoma, a cancer that originates from white blood cells called lymphocytes. It is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, a specific type of cancer cell that distinguishes cHL from other types of lymphoma.

Epidemiology

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is relatively rare, accounting for approximately 0.5% of all new cancer cases in the United States. It is most commonly diagnosed in young adults aged 20-34 and in older adults over the age of 55. The disease has a slightly higher incidence in males compared to females.

Pathophysiology

The hallmark of cHL is the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large, often binucleated cells with prominent nucleoli. These cells are thought to be derived from B cells, a type of white blood cell. The exact cause of cHL is unknown, but it is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors.

Clinical Presentation

Patients with cHL often present with painless swelling of the lymph nodes, typically in the neck or armpits. Other symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss, collectively known as "B symptoms".

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of cHL is typically confirmed by a biopsy of an affected lymph node. The biopsy is examined under a microscope to look for the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Additional tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and bone marrow biopsy, may be performed to determine the extent of the disease.

Treatment

The treatment of cHL typically involves chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy. The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and the presence of B symptoms.

Prognosis

The prognosis of cHL is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 85%. Factors that may affect the prognosis include the stage of the disease, the presence of B symptoms, and the patient's response to treatment.