Coat of arms

DeringRoll

Pompa funebris Albert Ardux - duc Brabantiae

Hyghalmen Roll Late 1400s

Arms of Duke of Richmond 02817

Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (Variant)

Coat of arms refers to a unique heraldic design on a shield or escutcheon or on a surcoat or tabard used to cover and protect armour and to identify the wearer. Thus, the term is often used as a synonym for the full heraldic achievement, which consists of a shield, supporters, crest, and motto. The practice of using distinct markings on a person's shield, or surcoat, began in the 12th century with the purpose of identifying combatants in tournaments and on the battlefield. Heraldry has evolved over the centuries to include a complex language of its own, known as blazonry, which allows for the description of a coat of arms in a formal and precise manner.

History

The origins of heraldry are not entirely clear, but it is widely accepted that the practice became widespread in Europe during the High Middle Ages, coinciding with the rise of chivalry and the use of armour in warfare. Initially, knights and nobles would decorate their shields with specific patterns and symbols to distinguish themselves from their enemies. Over time, these designs became hereditary and were regulated by heraldic authorities to ensure uniqueness and propriety.

Elements of a Coat of Arms

A coat of arms can consist of several components, including:

• Shield: The main part of the coat of arms, displaying the unique design.
• Crest: A figure or device placed above the helmet and shield.
• Helmet: Positioned above the shield, it varies in style according to rank and nationality.
• Mantling: Represents the cloth covering worn by knights over their helmets to protect them from the sun. In heraldry, it is usually depicted as a decorative drapery behind and around the helmet.
• Wreath: A twisted band of cloth or foliage, sitting on top of the helmet, from which the crest often arises.
• Supporters: Figures or animals placed on either side of the shield, appearing to hold it up.
• Motto: A phrase or word expressing the guiding principle of the bearer.

Heraldic Rules and Practices

Heraldry is governed by a set of rules that dictate how arms can be displayed, inherited, and altered. These rules vary by country and are enforced by heraldic authorities, such as the College of Arms in England or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland. One of the fundamental principles of heraldry is the rule of tincture, which states that certain colors (metals and tinctures) should not be placed on top of each other to ensure contrast and visibility from a distance.

Modern Use

Today, coats of arms are still used by nations, cities, universities, and families as symbols of their identity and heritage. While the practical use of heraldry in battle has ceased, the art continues to thrive as a form of ceremonial expression and personal pride. Many countries have heraldic authorities that regulate the design and use of coats of arms to maintain their historical significance and uniqueness.

See Also

• Heraldry
• Blazon
• Escutcheon (heraldry)
• Tincture (heraldry)
• Crest (heraldry)
• Mantling

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